Glossary

Plain-language meanings for the terms that show up in rental agreements, loan documents, terms of service, employment contracts and government circulars.

497 terms

Contract law

Acceptance · स्वीकृति: Assent to offer by the offeree.
Accord and Satisfaction · निपटान समझौता और: Settlement of a claim by agreement.
Aggrieved Party · हानि-ग्रस्त पक्ष: Party suffering loss due to breach.
Agreement · समझौता: Promise or set of promises enforceable by law.
Agreement in Restraint of Trade · व्याापार पर रोक का समझौता: Restricting business dealings.
Alienation · संपत्ति का हस्तांतरण: Transfer of property rights.
Anticipatory Breach · पूर्वानुमेय उल्लंघन: Breach before performance is due.
Arbitration Clause · मध्यस्थता खंड: Clause providing dispute resolution via arbitration.
Assignment · हस्तांतरण: Transfer of contractual rights.
Assumpsit · वाद: Legal action for breach of contract.
Consideration · प्रतिफल: Something of value exchanged.
Contract · अनुबंध: Legally enforceable agreement.
Counter-Offer · प्रतिप्रस्ताव: Response rejecting original offer with new terms.
Conditions · शर्तें: Essential terms of a contract.
Consequential Damages · परिणामस्वरूप हानि: Indirect losses due to breach.
Consent · सहमति: Free and voluntary agreement to terms.
Contractual · अनुबंध करने की: Legal ability to enter into
Contracts Express · व्यक्त अनुबंध: Stated clearly in words.
Contracts Implied · निहित अनुबंध: Derived from conduct or circumstances.
Coercion · बाध्यकारी: Forcing someone to contract under threat.
Guarantee · गारंटी: Promise to fulfill obligation of another.
Guarantor · गारंटर: Person giving guarantee.
Goods · माल: Movable property forming subject matter of contract.
Gross Misrepresentation · गंभीर गलत प्रस्तुति: False statement inducing contract.
Incorporation Clause · समावेशन खंड: Integrating external terms into contract.
Implied Terms · निहित शर्तें: Terms assumed by law or conduct.
Injunction · निषेधाज्ञाा: Court order to stop breach.
Intention to Create · कानूनी संबंध बनाने: Parties’ intention to be legally
Insolvency · दिवालियापन: Inability to pay debts.
Invitation to Treat · प्रस्ताव के लिए आमंत्रण: Preliminary communication not an offer.
Misrepresentation · भ्राामक प्रस्तुति: False statement leading to contract.
Mutual Consent · परस्पर सहमति: Both parties agree freely.
Mistake · गलती: Error affecting contract validity.
Modus Operandi · कार्य करने का तरीका: Manner of performance.
Monetary Damages · मौद्रिक हानि: Compensation in money for breach.
Negligence · लापरवाही: Failure to exercise due care.
Novation · नवीनता: Substitution of new contract in place of old.
Offer · प्रस्ताव: Expression of willingness to contract on terms.
Oral Contract · मौखिक अनुबंध: Agreement spoken, not written.
Partial Performance · आंशिक निष्पादन: Performing some obligations.
Quantum Meruit · जितना अर्जित किया: Payment for work done when no contract exists.
Quasi-Contract · अर्द्ध अनुबंध: Obligation imposed by law.
Ratification · अनुमोदन: Approval of previously unauthorized act.
Recession · अनुबंध रद्द: Termination of contract by mutual consent.
Repudiation · अस्वीकृति: Refusal to perform obligations.
Representation · प्रस्तुति: Statement inducing a contract.
Remedy · राहत: Legal solution for breach.
Rescission · रद्द करना: Canceling contract and restoring parties.
Specific Performance · विशेष निष्पादन: Court order to perform as agreed.
Substantial Performance · पर्याप्त निष्पादन: Performance close to contract terms.
Undue Influence · अनुचित प्रभाव: Taking unfair advantage in contract.
Unenforceable Contract · प्रवर्तनीय नहीं: Contract that cannot be enforced by law.
Unilateral Contract · एकतरफा अनुबंध: One party’s promise only.
Void Contract · शून्य अनुबंध: Not valid in law from beginning.
Voidable Contract · रद्द किया जा सकने वाला: Valid but may be avoided.
Warranty · गारंटी: Minor of contract.
Waiver · त्याग: Voluntary relinquishment of right.
Written Contract · लिखित अनुबंध: Documented agreement.
Work Order · कार्य आदेश: Instruction to perform work.
Forbearance · परहेज़: Refraining from exercising legal right.
Bilateral Contract · द्विपक्षीीय अनुबंध: Both parties make promises.
Executed Contract · निष्पादित अनुबंध: Fully performed.
Executory Contract · क्रियान्वित होने वाला: Yet to be performed.
Adhesion Contract · चिपकाव अनुबंध.: Standard form contract.
Aleatory Contract · आकस्मिक अनुबंध: Performance depends on uncertain event.
Option Contract · विकल्प अनुबंध: Right to accept/reject offer.
Contract of Sale · बिक्री का अनुबंध: Transfer of ownership for price.
Contract of Agency · एजेंसी अनुबंध: Agent acts on behalf of principal.
Contract of Employment · रोजगार अनुबंध: Employer-employee terms.
Contract of Partnership · साझेदारी अनुबंध: Agreement to share profit/loss.
Important: Doctrines & Rules
Doctrine of Privity · अनुबंध में केवल पक्षकार: Only parties can enforce contract.
Doctrine of Frustration · विफलता का सिद्धांांत: Contract void if impossible.
Doctrine of Consideration · प्रतिफल का सिद्धांांत: Must exist for valid contract.
Parol Evidence Rule · मौखिक साक्ष्य नियम: Written contract prevails over prior oral statements.
Capacity to Contract · अनुबंध की क्षमता: Parties must be competent.
Legality of Object · वैध उद्देेश्य: Object of contract must be lawful.
Free Consent · स्वतंत्र सहमति: No coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation.
Contingent Contract · आश्रित अनुबंध: Dependent on uncertain event.
Frustration of Contract · अनुबंध विफल: Impossible due to unforeseen event.
Liquidated Damages · पूर्व निर्धारित हानि: Fixed damages agreed beforehand.
Nominal Damages · नाममात्र हानि: Small token compensation.
Punitive Damages · दंडात्मक हानि: To punish breaching party.
Remoteness of Damage · हानि की दूरस्थता: Not all losses recoverable.
Specific Relief · विशेष राहत: Court-directed enforcement.
Restitution · प्रतिपूर्ति: Return of benefit conferred.
Set-off · संतुलन: Deduction of mutual debts.
Liquidated Contract · निर्धारित अनुबंध: Amount of damages pre- agreed.
Unliquidated Contract · अप्रतिबंधित: Amount of damages not specified.
Collateral Contract · गौण अनुबंध: Secondary contract supporting main contract.
Contingency Clause · आकस्मिक खंड: Clause for future uncertain event.
Force Majeure · अपरिहार्य परिस्थि ति: Excuse performance due to extraordinary events.
Breach of Contrac · अनुबंध का उल्लंघन: Failure to perform obligation.
Tender · निविदा: Offer to perform.
Forfeiture · जप्ती: Loss of right/property for breach.
Estoppel · निषेध: Preventing a party from denying facts.
Severability Clause · पृथकता खंड: Invalid part does not void entire contract.

Family law

Adoption · गोद लेना: Legal process of taking a child as one’s own.
Alimony / Maintenance · भरण-पोषण / जीवन निर्वाह: Financial support to spouse.
Annulment · रद्द करना: Declaring marriage null and void.
Ante-nuptial Agreement · विवाह पूर्व समझौता: Agreement before marriage on property/support.
Child Custody · बाल संरक्षण: Right to care and control of child.
Child Support · बाल भरण-पोषण: Financial support for child’s welfare.
Cohabitation · सहवास: Living together without marriage.
Common Law Marriage · सामान्य कानून विवाह: Marriage recognized by cohabitation and conduct.
Consent to Marriage · विवाह की सहमति: Free and informed agreement to marry.
Divorce · तलाक: Legal dissolution of marriage.
Dower · वरदान / दहेज़: Financial provision for wife in marriage (historical).
Dowry · दहेज़: Property or money given to bride’s family.
Domestic Violence · घरेलू हिंसा: Physical, emotional, or economic abuse within family.
Doctrine of Restitution · प्रतिपूर्ति सिद्धांांत: Returning conjugal property in separation.
Duty of Support · समर्थन का कर्तव्य: Obligation to maintain spouse/children.
Divestment · अधिकारों से वंचि: Losing marital rights under law.
Decree of Nullity · अमान्य विवाह का आदेश: Court declaring marriage void.
Disinheritance · वसीयत से बहिष्कार: Excluding someone from inheritance.
Dowry Prohibition · दहेज़ निषेध: Legal ban on dowry under Dowry Prohibition Act.
Guardianship · अभिभावकत्व: Legal right to care for minor.
Husband · पति: Male spouse.
Illegitimate Child · अवैध संतान: Born out of wedlock.
Inheritance · उत्तराधिकार: Passing property to heirs.
Interim Maintenance · अंतरिम भरण-पोषण: Temporary financial support during litigation.
Judicial Separation · न्यायिक पृथक्करण: Court-ordered separation without divorce.
Judicial Custody · न्यायिक हिरासत: Court-supervised care of children.
Joint Family · संयुक्त परिवार: Family with shared property and ancestral line.
Juvenile · किशोर: Person below legal age, relevant in child custody/maintenance.
Legitimacy · वैधता: Legal recognition of child born in marriage.
Marriage · विवाह: Legally recognized union of two persons.
Marital Property · वैवाहिक संपत्ति: Property acquired during marriage.
Matrimonial Dispute · वैवाहिक विवाद: Conflict between spouses.
Mutual Consent · आपसी सहमति: Divorce by agreement of both
Maintenance for Children · बच्चों के लिए भरण- पोषण: Financial support for minors.
Minor · नाबालिग: Person under legal age.
Mother · माता: Female parent.
Nullity of Marriage · विवाह की अमान्यता: Marriage void from beginning.
No-Fault Divorce · दोष रहित तलाक: Divorce without proving fault.
Notification of Marriage · विवाह का पंजीकरण: Official recording of marriage.
Parental Responsibility · माता-पिता की जिम्मेदारी: Duty to care for child.
Partition of Property · संपत्ति का विभाजन: Dividing joint family property.
Paternity · पिता की पहचान: Legal fatherhood of a child.
Pre-Nuptial Agreement · विवाह पूर्व अनुबंध: Contract on property or support before marriage.
Protection Order · सुरक्षाा आदेश: Court order to protect spouse/children.
Property Rights · संपत्ति के अधिकार: Legal rights to own or inherit property.
Prohibited Degrees of Marriage · संबंध निषिद्ध विवाह: Family relationships disallowing marriage.
Promissory Obligation · कर्तव्य प्रतिज्ञाात्मक: Commitment under family contract.
Procedure for Divorce · तलाक की प्रक्रिया: Steps required for dissolution of marriage.
Undue Influence · अनुचित प्रभाव: Coercion or pressure in marriage agreements.
Unilateral Divorce · एकतरफा तलाक: Divorce initiated by one spouse.
Validity of Marriage · विवाह की वैधता: Legal recognition under law.
Visitation Rights · मुलाकात का अधिकार: Right of non-custodial parent to meet child.
Void Marriage · शून्य विवाह: Marriage not valid from the start.
Voidable Marriage · रद्द किया जा सकने वाला विवाह: Marriage valid unless annulled.
Wife · पत्नी: Female spouse.
Widow · विधवा: Woman whose husband has died.
Widower · विधुर: Man whose wife has died.
Will · वसीयत: Legal declaration of property after death.
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 · हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम,: Governs Hindu marriages. 1955
Hindu Succession · हिन्दू उत्तराधिकार: Governs inheritance for
Muslim Personal · मुस्लिम निजी कानून: Law and inheritance for
Special Marriage · विशेष विवाह अधिनियम,: Act, Civil marriage for all
Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 · अभिभावक और आश्रित अधिनियम,: Custody of minors. 1890
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents & Senior Citizens Act, 2007 · माता-पिता और वरिष्ठ नागरिकों के लिए भरण- पोषण अधिनियम: Maintenance of parents/senior citizens.
Juvenile Justice · किशोर न्याय अधिनियम,: Act, JRights and welfare of
Family Courts Act, 1984 · परिवार न्यायालय अधिनियम,: Establishes family courts. 1984
Indian Divorce Act, 1869 · भारतीय तलाक अधिनियम,: Governs Christian divorce. 1869
Aggrieved Wife · हानि-ग्रस्त पत्नी: Wife seeking relief in matrimonial matters.
Contested Divorce · विवादित तलाक: Divorce with dispute between parties.
Child Adoption Agency · बाल गोद लेने का एजेंसी: Authorized body for adoption.
Custodial Parent · संरक्षक माता-पिता: Parent with legal custody.
Non-Custodial Parent · गैर-संरक्षक माता- पिता: Parent without custody.
Dowry Death · दहेज़ मृत्यु: Death due to dowry harassment.
Divorce by Mutual Agreement · आपसी सहमति तलाक: Divorce by mutual consent.
Maintenance Tribunal · भरण-पोषण न्यायाधिकरण: Forum for maintenance claims.
Matrimonial · वैवाहिक विवाद: Mediation/arbitration for family
No-Fault Principle · दोष रहित सिद्धांांत: Divorce without blaming spouse.
Restitution of · वैवाहिक अधिकारों: Court can restore marital
Family Settlement · समझौता पारिवारिक: Property/maintenance agreement among family.
Legitimacy of Child · संतान की वैधता: Legal recognition of child.
Protection from Domestic Violence · घरेलू हिंसा से सुरक्षा: Legal safeguard for victims.
Custody Dispute · संरक्षण विवाद: Conflict over child care.
Visitation Schedule · मुलाकात का समय: Timetable for non-custodial parent.
Alimony Enforcement · भरण-पोषण प्रवर्तन: Legal action to enforce maintenance.
Spousal Rights · पति-पत्नी के अधिकार: Rights within marriage.
Parental Rights · माता-पिता के अधिकार: Rights regarding child care and custody.
Adoptive Parent · गोद लेने वाला माता- पिता: Person legally adopting child.
Biological Parent · जैविक माता-पिता: Natural parents of a child.
Child Welfare Committee (CWC) · बाल कल्याण समिति: Protects rights of children.
De Facto Spouse · व्यवहारिक पति-पत्नी: Living as spouses without formal marriage.
Family Mediation · पारिवारिक मध्यस्थता: Dispute resolution outside court.
Forced Marriage · जबरन विवाह: Marriage without free consent.
Guardianship Order · अभिभावकत्व आदेश: Court order for custody/guardianship.
Maintenance Proceedings · भरण-पोषण कार्यवाही: Legal process for claiming support.
Parental Alienation · माता-पिता से दूर करने का प्रभाव: Child turned against parent.
Succession Rights · उत्तराधिकार अधिकार: Rights to inherit property.

Company law

Accountant · लेखाकार: Person responsible for company accounts.
Annual General Meeting (AGM) · वार्षिक सामान्य बैठक: Yearly meeting of shareholders.
Articles of Association (AOA) · आर्टिकल्स ऑफ़ एसोसिएशन: Internal rules governing company.
Authorized Capital · अधिकृत पूंजी: Maximum capital a company can raise.
Auditor · लेखा परीक्षक: Person auditing company accounts.
Board of Directors · निदेशक मंडल: Governing body of the company.
Bylaws / Bye- laws · नियमावली: Internal regulations of the company.
Call on Shares · शेयर पर कॉल: Demand by company for unpaid share money.
Capital · पूंजी: Money contributed for business.
Certificate of Incorporation · पंजीकरण प्रमाणपत्र: Legal recognition of company formation.
Debenture · ऋणपत्र: Debt instrument issued by company.
Director · निदेशक: Member of board managing company affairs.
Dividend · लाभांश: Share of profits distributed to shareholders.
Documents of Company · कंपनी के दस्तावेज़: AOA, MOA, certificates, etc.
Double Taxation · दोहरी कराधान: Taxing company profits and shareholder dividends.
Deposit · धनराशि जमाकर रखी: Money taken from public/ shareholders.
Equity Share · इक्विटी शेयर: Share representing ownership.
Exempted Companies · मुक्त कंपनियां: Companies exempted from certain provisions.
External Audit · बाहरी लेखा परीक्षाा: Audit by independent auditor.
Foreign Company · विदेशी कंपनी: Company incorporated outside India.
General Meeting · सामान्य बैठक: Meeting of shareholders.
Holding Company · मूल कंपनी: Owns controlling interest in another company.
Independent Director · स्वतंत्र निदेशक: Director not part of management.
Inspection of Records · अभिलेख निरीक्षण: Right to inspect company documents.
Internal Audit · आंतरिक लेखा परीक्षा: Audit by internal team.
Investor · निवेशक: Person putting money in company.
Issued Capital · जारी पूंजी: Capital actually issued to shareholders.
Joint Venture · संयुक्त उद्यम: Partnership between companies for project.
Judicial Review · न्यायिक समीक्षा: Court review of company acts.
Managing Director (MD) · प्रबंध निदेशक: Director in executive role.
Memorandum of Association (MOA) · मेमोरेंडम ऑफ़ एसोसिएशन: Defines company objectives and powers.
Minority Shareholder · अल्पसंख्यक शेयरधारक: Owns small portion of shares.
Nominee Director · नामांकित निदेशक: Director representing a stakeholder.
Non-Convertible Debenture (NCD) · गैर-परिवर्तनीय ऋणपत्र: Cannot convert to equity.
Paid-Up Capital · भुगतान पूंजी: Capital paid by shareholders.
Preferential Share · विशेषाधिकार शेयर: Share with priority in dividend/ repayment.
Private Company · निजी कंपनी: Company with restrictions on share transfer.
Public Company · सार्वजनिक कंपनी: Can invite public to subscribe shares.
Prospectus · संभावित विवरण: Document inviting public investment.
Quorum · कोरम: Minimum members for valid meeting.
Qualified Audit Repor · योग्य लेखा परीक्षा रिपोर्ट: Audit report with reservations.
Registrar of Companies (ROC) · कंपनी रजिस्ट्राार: Government officer regulating companies.
Resolution · प्रस्ताव: Decision passed in meeting.
Remuneration · पारिश्रमिक: Payment to directors/managers.
Related Party Transaction · संबंधित पक्ष लेनदेन: Transaction with director/relative company.
Secretarial Audit · सचिवीय लेखा परीक्षा: Audit of compliance by company secretary.
Share Capital · शेयर पूंजी: Capital divided into shares.
Shareholder / Member · शेयरधारक: Owner of shares in company.
Special Resolution · विशेष प्रस्ताव: Resolution passed with 75% majority.
Unissued Shares · अप्रकाशित शेयर: Shares not yet offered to public.
Unlisted Company · सूचीबद्ध नहीं: Company not traded on stock exchange.
Vesting of Shares · शेयर का स्वामित्व: Legal ownership granted to shareholder.
Voting Rights · मतदान अधिकार: Right to vote in company decisions.
Winding Up · कंपनी समाप्ति: Dissolution of company.
Workers’ · कर्मचारियों की: Employee representation in
Wrongful Trading · गलत व्याापार: Trading when insolvent.
Zero Coupon Debenture · शून्य-कूपन ऋणपत्र: Debenture with no periodic interest.
Officers of Company · कंपनी के अधिकारी: Directors, managers, secretaries.
Oppression & Mismanagement · दमन और कुप्रबंधन: Minority shareholders’ remedies.
Companies Act, 2013 · कंपनियां अधिनियम,: Governs company law in India. 2013
SEBI Act, 1992 · सेबी अधिनियम,: Securities & Exchange Board 1992 regulation.
Companies (Amendment) Act · कंपनियां (संशोधन) अधिनियम: Amendments to Companies Act.
Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 · सीमित देयता साझेदारी अधिनियम: Governs LLPs.
Competition Act, 2002 · प्रतिस्पर्धा अधिनियम: Prevents anti-competitive practices.
Depositories Act, 1996 · डिपॉज़िटरी अधिनियम: Governs demat shares.
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 · प्रतिभूतियों अनुबंध अधिनियम: Stock market regulations.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 · दिवाला और दिवालियापन संहिता: Corporate insolvency law.
Companies (Management & Administration) Rules · प्रबंधन और प्रशासन नियम: Internal company management.
Companies (Accounts) Rules · लेखा नियम: Accounting and auditing compliance.
Corporate Veil · निगमित परदा: Company separate from shareholders.
Lifting the Corporate Veil · निगमित परदे को हटाना: Court holds shareholders liable.
Minority Protection · अल्पसंख्यक सुरक्षा: Rights of minority shareholders.
Share Transfer · शेयर हस्तांतरण: Selling or transferring shares.
Buy-Back of Shares · शेयर खरीदना: Company buying back its own shares.
Debenture Redemption · ऋणपत्र का निपटान: Paying back debenture holders.
Inspection of Registers · रजिस्टर का निरीक्षण: Right to inspect statutory registers.
Fiduciary Duty · विश्वाासनीय कर्तव्य: Director’s duty to act in company interest.
Fraudulent Trading · धोखाधड़ीी व्यापार: Trading to defraud creditors.
Corporate Governance · कॉर्पोरेट शासन: System of management and control.
Accounts & Audit · परीक्षा लेखा और लेखा: Financial reporting and compliance.
Annual Return · वार्षिक विवरण: Report filed with ROC.
Board Meeting · निदेशक मंडल की बैठक: Directors’ meeting.
Capital Reduction · पूंजी में कमी: Reducing company share capital.
Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) · सामूहिक निवेश योजना: Investment pooling scheme.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) · कॉर्पोरेट सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व: Social initiatives by company.
Debenture Trustee · ऋणपत्र संरक्षक: Protects debenture holders.
Distribution · लाभांश वितरण नीति: Policy for distributing profits.
Encumbrance · बंधन: Claim/charge on company property.
Equity Capital · इक्विटी पूंजी: Ownership capital.
Fraudulent Preference · धोखाधड़ीी प्राथमिकता: Favoring one creditor unfairly.
Hybrid Security · मिश्रित प्रतिभूति: Security combining debt & equity features.
Initial Public Offering (IPO) · प्रारंभिक सार्वजनिक प्रस्ताव: First public issuance of shares.
Insolvency Resolution Process (IRP) · दिवालियापन समाधान प्रक्रिया: Corporate debt resolution.
Liquidator · परिसमापक: Person managing winding up.
Majority Rule · बहुमत नियम: Decisions by majority.
Memorandum Clause · मेमोरेंडम खंड: Clauses in MOA.
Nominal Share · नाममात्र शेयर: Share with face value only.
Preferential Allotment · विशेष आवंटन: Shares allotted to select investors.
Venture Capital Funding · उद्यम पूंजी वित्त: Investment in start-ups for equity.

Criminal law

Accused · अभियुक्त: A person against whom criminal proceedings are initiated.
Acquittal · बरी: A judgment that the accused is not guilty.
Actus Reus · अपराधी कृत्य: The physical act of committing a crime.
Admissible Evidence · ग्रााह्य साक्ष्य: Evidence allowed by court.
Anticipatory Bail · अग्रिम जमानत: Bail granted before arrest.
Appeal · अपील: Request to a higher court to review a decision.
Arrest · गिरफ्तारी: Taking a person into custody under law.
Assault · हमला: Threat or attempt to cause harm.
Bail · जमानत: Release of an accused on security.
Bailable Offence · जमानती अपराध: Offence where bail is a right.
Bar of Limitation · समयसीमा की रोक: Time limit after which no case can be filed.
Bond · बांड: Written undertaking to follow court conditions.
Charge · अभियोग: Formal accusation in court.
Charge Sheet · आरोप पत्र: Police report listing offences.
Cognizable Offence · संज्ञेेय अपराध: Police can arrest without warrant.
Committal Proceedings · प्रेेषण कार्यवाही: Sending case to higher court.
Complaint · शिकायत: Allegation made to magistrate.
Confession · इकबालिया बयान: Admission of guilt by accused.
Conviction · दोषसिद्धि: Court finding that accused is guilty.
Corroboration · पुष्टि: Additional evidence supporting testimony.
Defence · प्रतिरक्षा: Case presented by accused.
Detention · निरोध: Temporary custody without trial.
Dying Declaration · मृत्यु पूर्व कथन: Statement made by a person before death.
Evidence · साक्ष्य: Proof presented in court.
Examination-in- Chief · मुख्य परीक्षण: Questioning of own witness.
Ex-Parte · एकपक्षीय: Order in absence of one party.
False Evidence · झूठा साक्ष्य: Deliberately lying in court.
FIR (First Information Report) · प्राथमिकी: First complaint to police.
Forensic Evidence · साक्ष्य फॉरेंसिक: Scientific evidence in crime cases.
Fraud · धोखाधड़ीी: Deception for unlawful gain.
Guilt · दोष: Responsibility for crime.
Hearing · सुनवाई: Court session to decide issues.
Hostile Witness · प्रतिकूल गवाह: Witness opposing own side.
Imprisonment · कारावास: Punishment of jail.
Indictment · अभियोग पत्र: Formal charge in serious cases.
Inquest · मृत्यु जांच: Inquiry into cause of death.
Innocence · निर्दोषता: Absence of guilt.
Interrogation · पूछताछ: Questioning of accused.
Judgment · निर्णय: Court’s final decision.
Jurisdiction · अधिकार क्षेेत्र: Legal authority of a court.
Juvenile · किशोर: A child accused of crime.
Kidnapping · अपहरण: Forcible taking of a person.
Law of Evidence · साक्ष्य का कानून: Rules of admissibility.
Life Imprisonment · आजीवन कारावास: Jail for entire life.
Magistrate · मजिस्ट्रेेट: Judicial officer of lower court.
Mens Rea · अपराधी मानसिकता: Guilty mind/intention to commit crime.
Minor Offence · लघु अपराध: Less serious crime.
Mitigating Circumstances · शमनकारी परिस्थि तियाँ: Factors reducing punishment.
Motive · उद्देेश्य: Reason behind crime.
Non-Bailable Offence · गैर-जमानती अपराध: Bail not a right.
Non-Cognizable Offence · अ-संज्ञेेय अपराध: Police cannot arrest without warrant.
Notice · नोटिस: Formal intimation by court.
Offence · अपराध: Violation of criminal law.
Oath · शपथ: Formal promise to speak truth.
Parole · पैरोल: Temporary release from jail.
Perjury · झूठी गवाही: Giving false evidence under oath.
Plea Bargaining · दलील सौदा: Agreement to plead guilty for lesser punishment.
Police Custody · पुलिस हिरासत: Detention under police control.
Precedent · नजीर: Past judicial decision used as authority.
Prosecution · अभियोजन: Party conducting case against accused.
Quashing of FIR · प्रााथमिकी रद्द: Cancelling FIR by court.
Questioning · जिरह: Asking witness in trial.
Recidivism · पुनरावृत्ति: Habitual repetition of crimes.
Remand · रिमांड: Sending accused back to custody.
Robbery · डकैती: Theft with violence.
Sanction · स्वीकृति: Government approval to prosecute.
Search Warrant · तलाशी वारंट: Court order to search premises.
Sentence · दंडादेश: Punishment awarded by court.
Summons · समन: Order to appear in court.
Suspension of Sentence · दंड स्थगन: Temporary halt on punishment.
Test Identification Parade (TIP) · पहचान परेड: Process of witness identifying accused.
Testimony · गवाही: Statement given in court.
Theft · चोरी: Dishonestly taking property without consent.
Trial · विचारण: Court process to decide guilt.
Torture · यातना: Inflicting severe pain.
Unlawful Assembly · अवैध जमावड़ाा: Group of 5+ people with 5 criminal intent.
Vicarious Liability · परोक्ष उत्तरदायित्व: Liability for acts of another.
Victim · पीड़ित: Person who suffers from crime.
Violation of Law · कानून का उल्लंघन: Breach of legal rule.
Void Order · शून्य आदेश: Order having no legal effect.
Warrant · वारंट: Court order to arrest/search.
Witness · गवाह: Person giving evidence.
Wrongful Confinement · अवैध निरुद्धि: Unlawful restraint of a person.
Wrongful Restraint · अवैध रोक: Preventing a person from moving freely.
Youth Offender · युवा अपराधी: Young person accused of crime.
Zimma · ज़ि म्मेदारी (जिम्मा): Custody of seized property given by court.
Audi Alteram Partem · दूसरी पक्ष को सुनो: Hear the other side.
Nemo Debet Bis Vexari · दोहरा मुकदमा नहीं: No one should be tried twice.
Res Judicata · पूर्व निर्णय: Matter already decided.
Res Ipsa Loquitur · वस्तु स्वयं बोलती है: Thing speaks for itself.
Mens Rea + Actus Reus · अपराधी मानसिकता + अपराधी कृत्य: Crime requires guilty mind + guilty act.
Charge Framing · निर्धारण आरोप: Court formally stating offence.
Cross Examination · प्रतिपरीक्षण: Questioning by opposite party.
Default Bail · वैधानिक जमानत: Bail granted if charge sheet not filed in time.
Dowry Death · दहेज मृत्यु: Death of woman due to dowry harassment.
Forgery · कूटरचना: Making false documents.
Grievous Hurt · गंभीर चोट: Serious bodily injury.
Lynching · भीड़ हत्या: Killing by mob violence.
Obstruction of Justice · न्याय में बाधा: Interference with court process.
Presumption of Innocence · निर्दोषता की धारणा: Accused is innocent until proven guilty.

Banking & RBI

Monetary Policy · मौद्रिक नीति: Rules to control money supply.
Repo Rate · रेपो दर: Rate at which RBI lends to banks.
Reverse Repo Rate · रिवर्स रेपो दर: Rate RBI pays to banks for deposits.
CRR · नकद आरक्षि त अनुपात: Cash banks must keep with RBI.
SLR · वैधानिक तरल ता अनुपात: Assets banks must keep with the mselves.
Bank Rate · बैंक दर: Long-term lending rate of RBI.
Fiat Money · कागजी मुद्राा: Currency backed by govt order.
Legal Tender · वैध मुद्राा: Money that cannot be refused for debt.
Lender of Last Resort · अंतिम ऋणदाता: RBI's role to save failing banks.
Moral Suasion · नैतिक दबाव: RBI's informal advice to banks.
NPA · गैर- निष्पाादित परिसंपत्ति: Loans unpaid for 90 days.
Standard Asset · मानक परिसंपत्ति: A loan being paid on time.
Sub- Standard Asset · उप- मानक परिसंपत्ति: NPA for less than 12 months.
Doubtful Asset · संदिग्ध परिसंपत्ति: NPA for more than 12 months.
Loss Asset · हानि परिसंपत्ति: Loan considered unrecoverable.
Provisioning · प्राावधानन: Setting aside profit for bad loans.
Write-off · बट्टेे खाते में डालना: Removing bad debt from accounts.
SARFAESI Act · सरफेसी अधिनियम: Law to seize property without court.
DRT · ऋण वसूली अधिक रण: Special court for bank debt.
Willful Defaulter · जानबूझकर चूक रने वाला: Able to pay but refusing to pay.
Demand Deposit · मांग जमा: Money you can withdraw anytime.
Time Deposit · सावधि जमा: Money locked for a fixed term.
CASA Ratio · कासा अनुपात: Share of Savings/Current deposits.
Overdraft · ओवरड्रााफ्ट: Withdrawing more than your balance.
Cheque · चेक: An order to pay money.
Negotiable Instrument · परक्रााम्य लिखत: A document guaranteeing payment.
Endorsement · पृष्ठांांकन: Signing to transfer a cheque.
Dishonor of Cheque · चेक का अनादर: Cheque bounce due to no funds.
Letter of Credit · साख पत्र: Bank's guarante e for trade.
Bank Guarantee · बैंक गारंटी: Promise to pay if client fails.
Banking Regulation Act · बैंकिंग विनियमन धिनियम: Law governing bank operations.
NI Act · परक्रााम्य लिखत धिनियम: Law for cheques and notes.
PMLA · धन शोधन निवारण अधिनियम: Law against black money.
DICGC · जमा बीमा निगम: Body insuring your deposits.
Capital Adequacy · पूंजी पर्याप्तता: Minimum capital needed or risk.
Basel Norms · बेसल मानक: Global standards for banking safety.
Tier 1 Capital · टियर 1 पूंजी: Core capital of a bank.
Tier 2 Capital · टियर 2 पूंजी: Supplementary capital.
PCA · त्वरित सुधारात्म क कार्रवाई: RBI action on weak banks.
NBFC · गैर- बैंकिंग वित्तीीय पनी: Company givin g loans but not a bank.
Consortium Lending · कंसोर्टियम ऋण: Multiple banks le nding together.
Syndicated Loan · सिंडिकेटेड लोन: Large loan by a group of lenders.
Lead Bank · अग्रणी बैंक: Bank managing a district/loan.
ECB · बाह्य वाणिज्यि क उधार: Loan taken from outside India.
Libor · लिबोर: Global inter- bank interest rate.
SWIFT · स्वि फ्ट: Network for global transfers.
NRE Account · एनआरई खाता: Foreign income kept in Rupees.
NRO Account · एनआरओ खाता: Indian income of an NRI.
FCNR Account · एफसीएनआर खा ता: Foreign currency savings for NRIs.
Currency Swap · मुद्राा वििनय: Exchanging different currencies.
Retail Banking · रिटेल बैंकिंग: Banking for individuals.
Wholesale Banking · थोक बैंकिंग: Banking for large corporations.
Merchant Banking · मर्चेंट बैंकिंग: Helping companies raise capital.
Treasury Bills · ट्रेेजरी बिल: Short- govt bonds.
Commerci al Paper · वाणिज्यि क पत्र: Short-term debt by big companies.
Certificate of Deposit · जमा प्रमाण पत्र: A Tradable fixed someone deposit.
Factoring · फैक्टरिंग: A Selling bills for for instant cash.
Bancassur ance · बैंक-बीमा: Selling Buying insurance via branch. banks.
Financial Inclusion · वित्तीीय समावेशन: Opening Banking for Jan every citizen.
Bad Bank · बैड बैंक: NARCL Entity to take books. over bad (SBI loans.

Labour & industrial relations

Minimum Wages · न्यूनतम मजदूरी: The lowest salary an employer must legally pay.
Gratuity · / उपदान ग्रेेच्युटी: A reward paid by employer for long service (5+ years). 5
Provident Fund (PF) · भविष्य निधि: A savings scheme for retirement.
Employee State Insurance (ESI) · कर्मचारी राज्य बीमा: Medical and cash benefits for workers.
Bonus · बोनस: A share in the company’s profit given to workers.
Retrenchment · छंटनी: Terminating employees to reduce staff.
Lay-off · कामबंदी: Temporary inability of employer to give work.
Lock-out · तालाबंदी: Employer closing the workplace to force workers.
Strike · हड़ताल: Workers stopping work to demand their rights.
Trade Union · श्रमिक संघ: An association of workers to protect their interests.
Collective Bargai ning · सामूहिक सौदेबाजी: Negotiation between union and management.
Industrial Dispute · औद्योोगिक विवाद: Any disagreement between employer and workers.
Contract Labor · ठेका श्रमिक: Workers hired through a third- party contractor.
Fixed-Term Employment · निश्चित अवधि रोजगार: Working for a specific time period under a contract.
Standing Orders · स्थाायी आदेश: Rules governing conduct of workers in a factory.
Workmen's Comp · कर्मचारी मुआवजा: Money paid for injury or death during work.
Maternity Benefit · मातृत्व लाभ: Paid leave and benefits for pregnant employees.
Overtime (OT) · ओवरटाइम: Working beyond standard working hours for extra pay.
Adjudication · न्यायनिर्णयन: Settlement of a dispute by a Labor Court.
Conciliation · सुलह: Using a third party to resolve a dispute peacefully.
Closure · बंदी: Permanent closing of a business or factory.
Dismissal · बर्खास्तगी: Removal from job as a punishment for misconduct.
Misconduct · दुराचार: Breaking company rules or bad behavior.
Subsistence Allowance · निर्वाह भत्ताा: Payment made to a suspended worker during inquiry.
Occupational Safety · व्यावसायिक सुरक्षाा: Safety measures at the workplace for health.
Full and Final (F&F) · पूर्ण और अंतिम निपटा न: Final settlement of dues when leaving a job.
Gig Worker · गिग वर्कर: Freelancers or workers on digital platforms.
Platform Worker · प्लेटफॉर्म वर्कर: Workers using online apps to find specific tasks.
Inter-state Migrant · अंतर्राज्यीय प्रवासी: Worker moving from one state to another for work.
VDA · परिवर्तनीय महंगाई भ त्ताा: Allowance that changes based on inflation. )
Sexual Harassment · यौन उत्पीड़न: Unwelcome acts of a sexual nature at work (POSH).
Domestic Inquiry · घरेलू जांच: Internal investigation by company into misconduct.
Unorganized Sector · असंगठित क्षेत्र: Small units not covered by most labor laws.
Worker · श्रमिक: A person doing manual, skilled, or clerical work.
Employer · नियोक्ताा: The person or entity that hires and pays workers.
Labor Court · श्रम न्यायालय: Specialized court for resolving labor disputes.
Arbitration · मध्यस्थता: Resolving a dispute via an independent person.
Notice Period · नोटिस की अवधि: Time a worker must work after resigning/firing.
Show Cause Notice · कारण बताओ नोटिस: Letter asking a worker why action shouldn't be taken.
Take Home Salary · घर ले जाने वाला वेतन: Net salary after all deductions (PF, ESI, Tax).
Social Security · सामाजिक सुरक्षाा: Benefits like PF, Pension, and Health Insurance.
Factories Act · कारखाना अधिनियम: Law ensuring health and safety inside factories.
Child Labor · बाल श्रम: Illegal employment of children below 14 years. (14
Equal Remuneration · समान पारिश्रमिक: Same pay for men and women for the same work.
Wages · / मजदूरी वेतन: Payment for work, including basic pay and DA.

These are general explanations to help you read your own document. They are information, not legal advice, and a term can carry a different meaning in a particular contract or state. Consult a qualified professional before signing. Terms and definitions are taken verbatim from published Indian legal glossaries; 496 of 497 entries carry the source's own Hindi. Marathi, Tamil and Telugu definitions, and the Hindi ones the sources did not supply, are machine-translated and may read less naturally.